Issus (Kinet Höyük) Issus (Hittite Izziya, Greek ᾽Ἱσσός): town in southern Turkey, best known for the famous battle in November 333 BCE, in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III Codomannus. The town has been identified with the ruins near modern Kinet Höyük.

Phalanx and Hoplites

Hoplites on the Monument of the Nereids from Xanthus(Turkey), now in the British Museum

Phalanx: ancient Greek expression to signify an organized, dense line of battle; the heavily armed infantry soldiers were known as hoplites. Although representations of soldiers in densely packed battle lines date back to the third millennium BCE in the ancient Near East, the word phalanx is usually used to describe Greek armies. The first Greek author to use the word φαλαγξ is Homer, and in his poems it means something like an organized battle line. This is remarkable because in Homer's poems, warriors fight individual combats whereas the soldiers in a phalanx (the hoplites) fight as a group. However, it is reasonably clear that Homer's duels were in his age already becoming anachronistic.https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=tr&u=http://www.asiklihoyuk.org/&prev=search